The effect of improper sewage disposal on groundwater contamination in Calabar South Local Government Area, Cross River State
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Background of the study
Improper sewage disposal is a significant environmental health concern, particularly in urban areas where sanitation systems are underdeveloped. In Calabar South, inadequate sewage management has led to the contamination of groundwater resources, posing serious health risks to residents (Ibekwe, 2023). Groundwater, a primary source of drinking water, is compromised by pathogens, chemicals, and other pollutants, leading to an increased incidence of waterborne diseases (Mbanefo, 2024). The lack of effective sewage treatment facilities exacerbates the problem, contributing to environmental degradation and public health challenges. Recent studies suggest that improving sewage disposal methods can substantially reduce groundwater contamination and improve health outcomes (Ibekwe, 2023). This study critically examines the link between sewage disposal practices and groundwater quality in Calabar South, aiming to develop actionable recommendations for sustainable sanitation management (Mbanefo, 2024).
Statement of the problem
Calabar South Local Government Area faces critical challenges with groundwater contamination due to improper sewage disposal. The seepage of untreated sewage into groundwater sources has led to heightened public health risks, including outbreaks of waterborne diseases. The inadequate infrastructure for sewage treatment and disposal compounds the problem, undermining water quality and safety for residents. This study seeks to investigate the extent of groundwater contamination, identify the primary contributing factors, and assess the effectiveness of current sewage disposal practices in mitigating these adverse effects (Ibekwe, 2023).
Objectives of the study:
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To assess the extent of groundwater contamination due to sewage disposal.
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To evaluate the impact of improper sewage management on public health.
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To recommend sustainable sewage disposal practices.
Research questions:
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What is the extent of groundwater contamination in Calabar South?
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How does improper sewage disposal affect water quality and public health?
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What sustainable practices can improve sewage disposal and groundwater quality?
Research Hypotheses:
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Improper sewage disposal significantly contaminates groundwater in Calabar South.
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Groundwater contamination from sewage disposal increases the risk of waterborne diseases.
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Improved sewage management practices can significantly enhance groundwater quality.
Significance of the study
This study highlights the critical link between sewage disposal practices and groundwater quality, providing essential recommendations for public health improvement and environmental protection. Its findings will benefit local policymakers, environmental health practitioners, and community stakeholders by promoting sustainable sanitation practices (Mbanefo, 2024).
Scope and limitations of the study:
This study is limited to examining the impact of improper sewage disposal on groundwater contamination within Calabar South Local Government Area.
Definitions of terms:
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Sewage Disposal: The process of managing and disposing of waste water and sewage.
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Groundwater Contamination: The presence of pollutants in underground water sources.
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Sanitation Management: Strategies and systems for effective sewage and waste water treatment.
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